Chester Cole - Revision history

Daniel Taylor at 15:05, 29 May 2018

2018-05-29T15:05:42Z

Daniel Taylor at 15:37, 24 May 2018

2018-05-24T15:37:10Z

Show changes

Karen Wallace: Imported from Wikispaces

2017-07-12T20:00:13Z

Imported from Wikispaces

: Imported from Wikispaces

2015-03-03T16:15:30Z

Imported from Wikispaces

: Imported from Wikispaces

2014-03-28T19:12:06Z

Imported from Wikispaces

: Imported from Wikispaces

2014-03-28T19:10:04Z

Imported from Wikispaces

: Imported from Wikispaces

2014-03-28T19:08:56Z

Imported from Wikispaces

: Imported from Wikispaces

2014-03-28T18:58:40Z

Imported from Wikispaces

: Imported from Wikispaces

2014-03-28T18:50:44Z

Imported from Wikispaces

: Imported from Wikispaces

2014-03-28T18:49:18Z

Imported from Wikispaces

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:05, 29 May 2018
Line 90:		Line 90:
	* [45] 763 N.W.2d 862, 876-878 (Iowa 2009), describing the Iowa courts’ historic commitment to progressive equality. Indeed, the Iowa Judicial Branch Building has a special second floor historical exhibit that, with pride, explains these landmark decisions.		* [45] 763 N.W.2d 862, 876-878 (Iowa 2009), describing the Iowa courts’ historic commitment to progressive equality. Indeed, the Iowa Judicial Branch Building has a special second floor historical exhibit that, with pride, explains these landmark decisions.
	* [46] Compare State of Iowa v. Cline, 617 N.W.2d 277 (Iowa 2000) (holding good faith exception to exclusionary rule does not apply under Iowa law) with United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984) (finding a good faith exception of the exclusionary rule); compare State of Iowa v. Pals, 805 N.W.2d 767 (Iowa 2011)(holding defendant’s “consent” to search of automobile was involuntary under Iowa Constitution) with Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973).		* [46] Compare State of Iowa v. Cline, 617 N.W.2d 277 (Iowa 2000) (holding good faith exception to exclusionary rule does not apply under Iowa law) with United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984) (finding a good faith exception of the exclusionary rule); compare State of Iowa v. Pals, 805 N.W.2d 767 (Iowa 2011)(holding defendant’s “consent” to search of automobile was involuntary under Iowa Constitution) with Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973).
		+
		+
		+	[[Category:Drake_People]]
		+	[[Category:Drake_University_Faculty_and_Emeriti]]

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 [27] “Notes and Personals” in American Law School Review vol. 3 (Dec. 1907): 129.
 [28] Drake University [Cowles Library’s Archive Collection],Des Moines, IA: Drake University
-[29] 24 Iowa 267 (1868).
+[29] [https://www.ravellaw.com/opinions/d251a96f4e493e6960d3a18812ea9f6a 24 Iowa 266] (1868).
 [30] Id. at 276.
 [31] Id.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-=<span style="display: block; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Chester C. Cole</span></span>=
+<span style="display: block; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Chester C. Cole</span></span><span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">June 4, 1824-October 4, 1913</span>
 <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Originally submitted by Kristen Bramhall on November 29, 2011, Drake University;</span><span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">"Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy" added by Russell E. Lovell II, Professor of Law, Drake University, on March 28, 2014</span>
@@ Line 10: / Line 9: @@
 ==<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">'''Career'''</span>==
-After leaving Harvard, Cole moved to Frankfort, Kentucky, where he headed the legislative department of "The Commonwealth," one of Frankfort’s daily newspapers.[5] After returning to New York to marry Amanda M. Bennett, the couple relocated to Marion, Kentucky. [6] Cole was admitted to the bar and began what would be a long, prosperous, and influential legal profession.[7] In 1857, Cole moved to Des Moines, Iowa.[8] In 1859 he was nominated, but not elected, to serve as a justice on the Iowa Supreme Court.[9] In 1864, he was appointed to this office “in compliance with a legislative Act increasing the personnel from three to four members.” [10] The next autumn he was elected to the same office by a large majority, and reelected in 1870, again by a large majority.[11] His tenure on the court, which included serving as chief justice for one year, ended with Cole’s resignation on January 19, 1876. [12] Among other accomplishments on the court, Cole authored the landmark Clark v. Muscatine School Board opinion in 1868, which held racial segregation of public schools was unconstitutional under the Iowa Constitution—eighty-six years before the U.S. Supreme Court upheld that principle in [[http:''www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483|Brown v. Board of Education]] [13]. He also served several years as the editor of the //Western// //Jurist, edited a popular edition of// //Iowa Reports////, and played a critical role in shaping legal education in the state of// //Iowa.[14]'' Cole continued in the active practice of law until he was eighty-nine years of age and died in Des Moines, October 4, 1913.[15]
+After leaving Harvard, Cole moved to Frankfort, Kentucky, where he headed the legislative department of "The Commonwealth," one of Frankfort’s daily newspapers.[5] After returning to New York to marry Amanda M. Bennett, the couple relocated to Marion, Kentucky. [6] Cole was admitted to the bar and began what would be a long, prosperous, and influential legal profession.[7] In 1857, Cole moved to Des Moines, Iowa.[8] In 1859 he was nominated, but not elected, to serve as a justice on the Iowa Supreme Court.[9] In 1864, he was appointed to this office “in compliance with a legislative Act increasing the personnel from three to four members.” [10] The next autumn he was elected to the same office by a large majority, and reelected in 1870, again by a large majority.[11] His tenure on the court, which included serving as chief justice for one year, ended with Cole’s resignation on January 19, 1876. [12] Among other accomplishments on the court, Cole authored the landmark Clark v. Muscatine School Board opinion in 1868, which held racial segregation of public schools was unconstitutional under the Iowa Constitution—eighty-six years before the U.S. Supreme Court upheld that principle in [[http:''www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483|Brown v. Board of Education]] [13]. He also served several years as the editor of the //Western// //Jurist//, edited a popular edition of Iowa Reports, and played a critical role in shaping legal education in the state of Iowa.[14//]'' Cole continued in the active practice of law until he was eighty-nine years of age and died in Des Moines, October 4, 1913.[15]
@@ Line 29: / Line 28: @@
 == ==
 == ==
-==<span style="display: block; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy</span></span>==
+<span style="display: block; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy</span></span>
 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1868, three years after the conclusion of the Civil War, the Iowa Supreme Court in Clark v. Board of Directors of the Muscatine Schools,[29] held that racial segregation of the public schools was unconstitutional under the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of the Iowa Constitution’s Bill of Rights. In construing the Iowa Constitution to deny the school board the discretion to discriminate on the basis of race or color, Justice Cole spoke of our national goal of an American nationality, one harmonious people.[30] Were the Court to sustain the school board’s policy of racial segregation, or nationality segregation, it would “sanction a plain violation of the spirit of our laws” and “would tend to perpetuate the national differences of our people and stimulate a constant strife, if not a war of races.”[31] It was a courageous decision on April 14, 1868, preceding by 3 months the ratification of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and by 7 months the November Presidential election, in which Ulysses S. Grant was elected President and in which Iowa voters passed the amendments to the Iowa Constitution deleting racial designations and granting blacks the right to vote.</span>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-=<span style="text-align: center;">''<span style="font-size: 130%;">'''<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Chester C. Cole</span>'''</span>''</span>=
+=<span style="display: block; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 150%;">Chester C. Cole</span></span>=
 <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">June 4, 1824-October 4, 1913</span>
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1865, Cole and fellow lawyer George Wright, who went on to become a U.S. Senator, founded “The Iowa Law School” in Des Moines. [17] Cole served the school as a law professor for ten years.[18] During his tenure, the school was moved to Iowa City, which Cole writes was “against the interest and wishes of those who had organized the school and made it a success.” [19]. Cole believed strongly that location in the state capital, where the legislature meets and the Supreme Court holds most sessions, afforded law students invaluable educational opportunities. [20] In 1875 Cole and Wright founded “The Iowa College of Law” in Des Moines[21], where Cole served as the first Dean.[22] Its first class was graduated in 1876.[23] The school affiliated with Drake upon the university’s organization in 1881.[24] Cole taught at the law school until 1906[25] and served again as its Dean from 1892 [26] until 1907[27]. The first building on campus dedicated to law classes was [[drakeapedia/Cole Hall|Cole Hall]], built in 1904. [28]</span>
@@ Line 24: / Line 29: @@
 == ==
 == ==
-==<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy</span>==
+==<span style="display: block; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy</span></span>==
 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1868, three years after the conclusion of the Civil War, the Iowa Supreme Court in Clark v. Board of Directors of the Muscatine Schools,[29] held that racial segregation of the public schools was unconstitutional under the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of the Iowa Constitution’s Bill of Rights. In construing the Iowa Constitution to deny the school board the discretion to discriminate on the basis of race or color, Justice Cole spoke of our national goal of an American nationality, one harmonious people.[30] Were the Court to sustain the school board’s policy of racial segregation, or nationality segregation, it would “sanction a plain violation of the spirit of our laws” and “would tend to perpetuate the national differences of our people and stimulate a constant strife, if not a war of races.”[31] It was a courageous decision on April 14, 1868, preceding by 3 months the ratification of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and by 7 months the November Presidential election, in which Ulysses S. Grant was elected President and in which Iowa voters passed the amendments to the Iowa Constitution deleting racial designations and granting blacks the right to vote.</span>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<span style="display: block; text-align: center;">''<span style="font-size: 130%;">'''<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Chester C. Cole</span>'''</span>''</span><span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">June 4, 1824-October 4, 1913</span>
+=<span style="text-align: center;">''<span style="font-size: 130%;">'''<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Chester C. Cole</span>'''</span>''</span>=
-<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Originally submitted by Kristen Bramhall on November 29, 2011, Drake University; </span><span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">"<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy</span>" added by Russell E. Lovell II, Professor of Law, Drake University, on March 28, 2014</span>
+<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Originally submitted by Kristen Bramhall on November 29, 2011, Drake University;</span><span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">"Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy" added by Russell E. Lovell II, Professor of Law, Drake University, on March 28, 2014</span>
 ==<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 25px;">Early Years</span>==
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 == ==
 == ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <span style="display: block; text-align: center;">''<span style="font-size: 130%;">'''<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Chester C. Cole</span>'''</span>''</span><span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">June 4, 1824-October 4, 1913</span>
-<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Originally submitted by Kristen Bramhall on November 29, 2011, Drake University</span>
+<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">Originally submitted by Kristen Bramhall on November 29, 2011, Drake University; </span><span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; text-align: center;">"<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy</span>" added by Russell E. Lovell II, Professor of Law, Drake University, on March 28, 2014</span>
 ==<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%; line-height: 25px;">Early Years</span>==
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ==<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy</span>==
-<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1868, three years after the conclusion of the Civil War, the Iowa Supreme Court in Clark v. Board of Directors of the Muscatine Schools,[[home#_ftn1|[1]]] held that racial segregation of the public schools was unconstitutional under the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of the Iowa Constitution’s Bill of Rights. In construing the Iowa Constitution to deny the school board the discretion to discriminate on the basis of race or color, Justice Cole spoke of our national goal of an American nationality, one harmonious people.[[home#_ftn2|[2]]] Were the Court to sustain the school board’s policy of racial segregation, or nationality segregation, it would “sanction a plain violation of the spirit of our laws” and “would tend to perpetuate the national differences of our people and stimulate a constant strife, if not a war of races.”[[home#_ftn3|[3]]] It was a courageous decision on April 14, 1868, preceding by 3 months the ratification of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and by 7 months the November Presidential election, in which Ulysses S. Grant was elected President and in which Iowa voters passed the amendments to the Iowa Constitution deleting racial designations and granting blacks the right to vote.</span>
+<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1868, three years after the conclusion of the Civil War, the Iowa Supreme Court in Clark v. Board of Directors of the Muscatine Schools,[29] held that racial segregation of the public schools was unconstitutional under the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of the Iowa Constitution’s Bill of Rights. In construing the Iowa Constitution to deny the school board the discretion to discriminate on the basis of race or color, Justice Cole spoke of our national goal of an American nationality, one harmonious people.[30] Were the Court to sustain the school board’s policy of racial segregation, or nationality segregation, it would “sanction a plain violation of the spirit of our laws” and “would tend to perpetuate the national differences of our people and stimulate a constant strife, if not a war of races.”[31] It was a courageous decision on April 14, 1868, preceding by 3 months the ratification of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and by 7 months the November Presidential election, in which Ulysses S. Grant was elected President and in which Iowa voters passed the amendments to the Iowa Constitution deleting racial designations and granting blacks the right to vote.</span>
-<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Seven years later, in 1875, the Iowa Supreme Court, again in an opinion written by Justice Cole, unanimously reaffirmed the Clark v. Muscatine School Board precedent and extended its scope to apply not only to overt racial discrimination but also to covert discrimination. In Smith v. The Directors of Ind. Sch. Dist. of Keokuk,[[home#_ftn4|[4]]] the Keokuk Schools admitted that the black boy who sought admission to its high school was qualified but claimed it could not admit him ostensibly because the high school building was full and there were no available seats. Justice Cole affirmed the findings of the trial court that the black boy was refused admission on account of his race, and “’that if he had been a white boy he would have been permitted to attend said high school and enjoy its benefits.’”[[home#_ftn5|[5]]] Justice Cole held the case was governed by Clark v. Muscatine Schools holding “that a pupil may not be excluded from school because of his color, or required to attend a separate school for colored children.”[[home#_ftn6|[6]]] </span>
+<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Seven years later, in 1875, the Iowa Supreme Court, again in an opinion written by Justice Cole, unanimously reaffirmed the Clark v. Muscatine School Board precedent and extended its scope to apply not only to overt racial discrimination but also to covert discrimination. In Smith v. The Directors of Ind. Sch. Dist. of Keokuk,[32] the Keokuk Schools admitted that the black boy who sought admission to its high school was qualified but claimed it could not admit him ostensibly because the high school building was full and there were no available seats. Justice Cole affirmed the findings of the trial court that the black boy was refused admission on account of his race, and “’that if he had been a white boy he would have been permitted to attend said high school and enjoy its benefits.’”[33] Justice Cole held the case was governed by Clark v. Muscatine Schools holding “that a pupil may not be excluded from school because of his color, or required to attend a separate school for colored children.”[34] </span>
-<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Iowa Supreme Court’s holding in Clark stood virtually alone as other state supreme courts, even after the Civil War, followed the lead of the Massachusetts Supreme Court which upheld racial segregation of Boston’s public schools under the “separate but equal” rationale in Roberts v. The City of Boston in 1850.[[home#_ftn7|[7]]] Clark preceded by 28 years the United States Supreme Court’s 1896 holding in Plessy v. Ferguson[[home#_ftn8|[8]]] that upheld state-imposed racial segregation under the Federal Constitution and preceded, by 86 years!, the 1954 holding in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka[[home#_ftn9|[9]]] that finally struck down racial segregation in the public schools. The Iowa Supreme Court’s holding in Smith v. Keokuk Schools that the Iowa Constitution’s Equality Principle bars not only overt but also covert discrimination preceded by 13 years the United States Supreme Court’s similar holding in Yick Wo v. Hopkins[[home#_ftn10|[10]]] in 1886. </span>
+<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Iowa Supreme Court’s holding in Clark stood virtually alone as other state supreme courts, even after the Civil War, followed the lead of the Massachusetts Supreme Court which upheld racial segregation of Boston’s public schools under the “separate but equal” rationale in Roberts v. The City of Boston in 1850.[35] Clark preceded by 28 years the United States Supreme Court’s 1896 holding in Plessy v. Ferguson[36] that upheld state-imposed racial segregation under the Federal Constitution and preceded, by 86 years!, the 1954 holding in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka[37] that finally struck down racial segregation in the public schools. The Iowa Supreme Court’s holding in Smith v. Keokuk Schools that the Iowa Constitution’s Equality Principle bars not only overt but also covert discrimination preceded by 13 years the United States Supreme Court’s similar holding in Yick Wo v. Hopkins[38] in 1886. </span>
-<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Justice Cole was also a member of the Court that decided the landmark 1873 case of Coger v. The North West Union. Packet Co..[[home#_ftn11|[11]]] In Coger the Iowa Supreme Court affirmed a jury verdict for $250 damages for a biracial woman who was forcibly removed by the steamboat captain from the 1st class dining area reserved for whites. Again relying on the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of the Iowa Constitution, the Court held: “[T]he plaintiff was entitled to the same rights and privileges while upon defendant’s boat . . . which were possessed and exercised by white passengers. These rights and privileges rest upon the equality of all before the law, the very foundation principle of our government.” It wasn’t until 1964, 91 years later, that the United States Supreme Court upheld the 1964 Civil Rights Act’s prohibition of racial discrimination in public accommodations under private ownership.[[home#_ftn12|[12]]] </span>
+<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Justice Cole was also a member of the Court that decided the landmark 1873 case of Coger v. The North West Union. Packet Co..[39] In Coger the Iowa Supreme Court affirmed a jury verdict for $250 damages for a biracial woman who was forcibly removed by the steamboat captain from the 1st class dining area reserved for whites. Again relying on the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of the Iowa Constitution, the Court held: “[T]he plaintiff was entitled to the same rights and privileges while upon defendant’s boat . . . which were possessed and exercised by white passengers. These rights and privileges rest upon the equality of all before the law, the very foundation principle of our government.” It wasn’t until 1964, 91 years later, that the United States Supreme Court upheld the 1964 Civil Rights Act’s prohibition of racial discrimination in public accommodations under private ownership.[40] </span>
-<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1869, again during Justice Cole’s tenure on the Iowa Supreme Court, the Court let stand District Court Judge Francis Springer’s ruling that admitted Arabella Babb Mansfield to become the first woman lawyer in the nation. The Iowa Code stated that “any white male person” was eligible to be admitted to the Iowa Bar. Nonetheless, Judge Springer construed the Code so “the affirmative declaration that male persons may be admitted Is not a denial of the right of females.”[[home#_ftn13|[13]]] The Iowa Supreme Court never reviewed Judge Springer’s ruling, and, in 1870, the Iowa Legislature struck the words “white male” from the statute governing licenses to practice law.[[home#_ftn14|[14]]] </span>
+<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1869, again during Justice Cole’s tenure on the Iowa Supreme Court, the Court let stand District Court Judge Francis Springer’s ruling that admitted Arabella Babb Mansfield to become the first woman lawyer in the nation. The Iowa Code stated that “any white male person” was eligible to be admitted to the Iowa Bar. Nonetheless, Judge Springer construed the Code so “the affirmative declaration that male persons may be admitted Is not a denial of the right of females.”[41] The Iowa Supreme Court never reviewed Judge Springer’s ruling, and, in 1870, the Iowa Legislature struck the words “white male” from the statute governing licenses to practice law.[42] </span>
-<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The licensing of Arabella Mansfield proved to be another Equality First for the Iowa courts. In 1872, 3 years later, the United States Supreme Court, in Bradwell v. Illinois,[[home#_ftn15|[15]]] upheld the decision of the Illinois Supreme Court that refused to grant a woman a license to practice law solely because of her gender. The United States Supreme Court held in Bradwell that the gender-based exclusion was constitutional as a reasonable judgment for the Illinois Legislature and Courts to make. </span>
+<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The licensing of Arabella Mansfield proved to be another Equality First for the Iowa courts. In 1872, 3 years later, the United States Supreme Court, in Bradwell v. Illinois,[43] upheld the decision of the Illinois Supreme Court that refused to grant a woman a license to practice law solely because of her gender. The United States Supreme Court held in Bradwell that the gender-based exclusion was constitutional as a reasonable judgment for the Illinois Legislature and Courts to make. </span>
-<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The 19th century landmark Equality Decisions of Justice Cole and the Iowa Supreme Court have continuing vitality today. Clark, Coger, the licensing of Arabella Mansfield, and the earlier July 4, 1839 In re Ralph decision[[home#_ftn16|[16]]] freeing a slave were relied upon by the Iowa Supreme Court in its unanimous 2009 decision in Varnum v. Brien[[home#_ftn17|[17]]] striking down, under the Iowa Constitution’s Natural Rights/Equality Clause, the Iowa statutes that denied gays the right to marry. The Iowa Supreme Court has recognized that the Iowa Constitution provides it with the authority and independence to construe its provisions so as to grant Iowa residents greater protections than afforded them by United States Supreme Court decisions construing the Federal Constitution. The Iowa Court has done so not only in construing the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of its Bill of Rights, but also in providing Iowans with greater protection of their liberty interests against search and seizure by the police.[[home#_ftn18|[18]]]</span>
+<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The 19th century landmark Equality Decisions of Justice Cole and the Iowa Supreme Court have continuing vitality today. Clark, Coger, the licensing of Arabella Mansfield, and the earlier July 4, 1839 In re Ralph decision[44] freeing a slave were relied upon by the Iowa Supreme Court in its unanimous 2009 decision in [http://www.iowacourts.gov/wfData/files/Varnum/07-1499(1).pdf Varnum v. Brien][45] striking down, under the Iowa Constitution’s Natural Rights/Equality Clause, the Iowa statutes that denied gays the right to marry. The Iowa Supreme Court has recognized that the Iowa Constitution provides it with the authority and independence to construe its provisions so as to grant Iowa residents greater protections than afforded them by United States Supreme Court decisions construing the Federal Constitution. The Iowa Court has done so not only in construing the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of its Bill of Rights, but also in providing Iowans with greater protection of their liberty interests against search and seizure by the police.[46]</span>
 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Imagine how much further the United States would be in its quest for freedom and equality had the United States Supreme Court followed the lead of Justice Cole and the Iowa Supreme Court in Clark v. Muscatine Schools rather than the “separate but equal” rationale of Justice Lelander Shaw in Roberts v. City of Boston. </span>
 ----
@@ Line 79: / Line 78: @@
 [34] Id.
 [35] 59 Mass. 198 (1850).
-[36] 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
+[36] [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/163/537 163 U.S. 537 ](1896).
-[37] 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
+[37] [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483 347 U.S. 483] (1954).
-[38] 118 U.S. 356 (1886).
+[38] [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/118/356 118 U.S. 356] (1886).
 [39] 37 Iowa 145 (1873).
-[40] Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964).
+[40] Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/379/241 379 U.S. 241] (1964).
 [41] Haselmayer, Belle A. Mansfield, 55 Woman Lawyers Journal 46, 47 (Spring 1969).
 [42] Wallach, Arabella Babb Mansfield (1846-1911), 2 Women’s Rts.L.Rep. 3 (1974-75).
-[43] 83 U.S. 130 (1872).
+[43] [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/83/130 83 U.S. 130] (1872).
 [44] 1 Morris 1 (Iowa 1839). The slave Ralph had been allowed by his Missouri master to come to Iowa and work in the lead mines near Dubuque per a contract that Ralph was purchase his freedom by paying $500. After four years of work in Iowa Ralph’s master claimed Ralph had not paid the $500 and had him seized by bounty hunters. The Iowa Supreme Court held that Ralph was not a fugitive slave when he came to Iowa, and now, having lived for four years in “Free” Iowa, was a free man. Even if it were found that Ralph had defaulted on his payment, that would only be a basis for damages and would not deprive him of his freedom.
 [45] 763 N.W.2d 862, 876-878 (Iowa 2009), describing the Iowa courts’ historic commitment to progressive equality. Indeed, the Iowa Judicial Branch Building has a special second floor historical exhibit that, with pride, explains these landmark decisions.
 [46] Compare State of Iowa v. Cline, 617 N.W.2d 277 (Iowa 2000) (holding good faith exception to exclusionary rule does not apply under Iowa law) with United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984) (finding a good faith exception of the exclusionary rule); compare State of Iowa v. Pals, 805 N.W.2d 767 (Iowa 2011)(holding defendant’s “consent” to search of automobile was involuntary under Iowa Constitution) with Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973).

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 ==<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">Founding Drake University Law School</span>==
 [[image:LawLibrary.jpg align="left" caption="Opperman Law Library today. Copyright held by Drake University. [16]"]]
 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1865, Cole and fellow lawyer George Wright, who went on to become a U.S. Senator, founded “The Iowa Law School” in Des Moines. [17] Cole served the school as a law professor for ten years.[18] During his tenure, the school was moved to Iowa City, which Cole writes was “against the interest and wishes of those who had organized the school and made it a success.” [19]. Cole believed strongly that location in the state capital, where the legislature meets and the Supreme Court holds most sessions, afforded law students invaluable educational opportunities. [20] In 1875 Cole and Wright founded “The Iowa College of Law” in Des Moines[21], where Cole served as the first Dean.[22] Its first class was graduated in 1876.[23] The school affiliated with Drake upon the university’s organization in 1881.[24] Cole taught at the law school until 1906[25] and served again as its Dean from 1892 [26] until 1907[27]. The first building on campus dedicated to law classes was [[drakeapedia/Cole Hall|Cole Hall]], built in 1904. [28]</span>
 ==<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">References</span>==
-[1]Chester C. Cole (1864-1876). Retrieved August 28, 2013, from Iowa Judicial Branch website: [[http://www.iowacourtsonline.org/wfdata/frame1773-1463/pressrel15.asp]]
+[1] Chester C. Cole (1864-1876). Retrieved August 28, 2013, from Iowa Judicial Branch website: [[http://www.iowacourtsonline.org/wfdata/frame1773-1463/pressrel15.asp]]
 [2] Gue, B. “Chester C. Cole” in <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: #000000;">[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Iowa_From_the_Earliest_Times_to_the_Beginning_of_the_Twentieth_Century History of Iowa from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century]</span>, vol. 4 (1903)</span>
 [3] Andreas, A. T., <span style="color: #000000;">“C. C. Cole” in A.T. Andreas Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Iowa (1875)</span>
@@ Line 49: / Line 72: @@
 [27] “Notes and Personals” in American Law School Review vol. 3 (Dec. 1907): 129.
 [28] Drake University [Cowles Library’s Archive Collection],Des Moines, IA: Drake University

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:50, 28 March 2014
Line 19:		Line 19:


−
−
−	~~=='''Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy'''==~~
−
−
−
−	In 1868, three years after the conclusion of the Civil War, the Iowa Supreme Court in ''Clark v. Board of Directors of the Muscatine Schools'',<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn1\|[1]]]</span> held that racial segregation of the public schools was unconstitutional under the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of the Iowa Constitution’s Bill of Rights. In construing the Iowa Constitution to deny the school board the discretion to discriminate on the basis of race or color, Justice Cole spoke of our national goal of an American nationality, one harmonious people.<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn2\|[2]]]</span> Were the Court to sustain the school board’s policy of racial segregation, or nationality segregation, it would “sanction a plain violation of the spirit of our laws” and “would tend to perpetuate the national differences of our people and stimulate a constant strife, if not a war of races.”<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn3\|[3]]]</span> It was a courageous decision on April 14, 1868, preceding by 3 months the ratification of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and by 7 months the November Presidential election, in which Ulysses S. Grant was elected President and in which Iowa voters passed the amendments to the Iowa Constitution deleting racial designations and granting blacks the right to vote.
−
−
−
−	Seven years later, in 1875, the Iowa Supreme Court, again in an opinion written by Justice Cole, unanimously reaffirmed the ''Clark v. Muscatine School Board// precedent and extended its scope to apply not only to overt racial discrimination but also to covert discrimination. In //Smith v. The Directors of Ind. Sch. Dist. of Keokuk//,<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn4\|[4]]]</span> the Keokuk Schools admitted that the black boy who sought admission to its high school was qualified but claimed it could not admit him ostensibly because the high school building was full and there were no available seats. Justice Cole affirmed the findings of the trial court that the black boy was refused admission on account of his race, and “’that if he had been a white boy he would have been permitted to attend said high school and enjoy its benefits.’”<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn5\|[5]]]</span> Justice Cole held the case was governed by //Clark v. Muscatine Schools'' holding “that a pupil may not be excluded from school because of his color, or required to attend a separate school for colored children.”<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn6\|[6]]]</span>
−
−
−
−	The Iowa Supreme Court’s holding in ''Clark// stood virtually alone as other state supreme courts, even after the Civil War, followed the lead of the Massachusetts Supreme Court which upheld racial segregation of Boston’s public schools under the “separate but equal” rationale in //Roberts v. The City of Boston// in 1850.<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn7\|[7]]]</span> //Clark// preceded by 28 years the United States Supreme Court’s 1896 holding in //Plessy v. Ferguson[[home#_ftn8\|'''[8]''']]// that upheld state-imposed racial segregation under the Federal Constitution and preceded, by 86 years!, the 1954 holding in //Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka//<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn9\|[9]]]</span> that finally struck down racial segregation in the public schools. The Iowa Supreme Court’s holding in //Smith v. Keokuk Schools// that the Iowa Constitution’s Equality Principle bars not only overt but also covert discrimination preceded by 13 years the United States Supreme Court’s similar holding in //Yick Wo v. Hopkins[[home#_ftn10\|'''[10]''']]'' in 1886.
−
−
−
−	Justice Cole was also a member of the Court that decided the landmark 1873 case of ''Coger v. The North West Union. Packet Co//..<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn11\|[11]]]</span> In //Coger'' the Iowa Supreme Court affirmed a jury verdict for $250 damages for a biracial woman who was forcibly removed by the steamboat captain from the 1st class dining area reserved for whites. Again relying on the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of the Iowa Constitution, the Court held: “[T]he plaintiff was entitled to the same rights and privileges while upon defendant’s boat . . . which were possessed and exercised by white passengers. These rights and privileges rest upon the equality of all before the law, the very foundation principle of our government.” It wasn’t until 1964, 91 years later, that the United States Supreme Court upheld the 1964 Civil Rights Act’s prohibition of racial discrimination in public accommodations under private ownership.<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn12\|[12]]]</span>
−
−
−
−	In 1869, again during Justice Cole’s tenure on the Iowa Supreme Court, the Court let stand District Court Judge Francis Springer’s ruling that admitted Arabella Babb Mansfield to become the first woman lawyer in the nation. The Iowa Code stated that “any white male person” was eligible to be admitted to the Iowa Bar. Nonetheless, Judge Springer construed the Code so “the affirmative declaration that male persons may be admitted Is not a denial of the right of females.”<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn13\|[13]]]</span> The Iowa Supreme Court never reviewed Judge Springer’s ruling, and, in 1870, the Iowa Legislature struck the words “white male” from the statute governing licenses to practice law.<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn14\|[14]]]</span>
−
−
−
−	The licensing of Arabella Mansfield proved to be another Equality First for the Iowa courts. In 1872, 3 years later, the United States Supreme Court, in ''Bradwell v. Illinois//,<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn15\|[15]]]</span> upheld the decision of the Illinois Supreme Court that refused to grant a woman a license to practice law solely because of her gender. The United States Supreme Court held in //Bradwell'' that the gender-based exclusion was constitutional as a reasonable judgment for the Illinois Legislature and Courts to make.
−
−
−
−	The 19th century landmark Equality Decisions of Justice Cole and the Iowa Supreme Court have continuing vitality today. ''Clark//, //Coger//, the licensing of Arabella Mansfield, and the earlier July 4, 1839 //In re Ralph// decision<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn16\|[16]]]</span> freeing a slave were relied upon by the Iowa Supreme Court in its unanimous 2009 decision in //Varnum v. Brien''<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn17\|[17]]]</span> striking down, under the Iowa Constitution’s Natural Rights/Equality Clause, the Iowa statutes that denied gays the right to marry. The Iowa Supreme Court has recognized that the Iowa Constitution provides it with the authority and independence to construe its provisions so as to grant Iowa residents greater protections than afforded them by United States Supreme Court decisions construing the Federal Constitution. The Iowa Court has done so not only in construing the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of its Bill of Rights, but also in providing Iowans with greater protection of their liberty interests against search and seizure by the police.<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn18\|[18]]]</span>
−
−
−
−	Imagine how much further the United States would be in its quest for freedom and equality had the United States Supreme Court followed the lead of Justice Cole and the Iowa Supreme Court in ''Clark v. Muscatine Schools// rather than the “separate but equal” rationale of Justice Lelander Shaw in //Roberts v. City of Boston''.
−
−
−	~~----~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref1\|[1]]]</span> 24 Iowa 267 (1868).~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref2\|[2]]]</span> ''Id.'' at 276.~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref3\|[3]]]</span> ''Id.''~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref4\|[4]]]</span> 40 Iowa 518 (1875).~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref5\|[5]]]</span> ''Id.'' at 519.~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref6\|[6]]]</span> ''Id.''~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref7\|[7]]]</span> 59 Mass. 198 (1850).~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref8\|[8]]]</span> 163 U.S. 537 (1896).~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref9\|[9]]]</span> 347 U.S. 483 (1954).~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref10\|[10]]]</span> 118 U.S. 356 (1886).~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref11\|[11]]]</span> 37 Iowa 145 (1873).~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref12\|[12]]]</span> Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964).~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref13\|[13]]]</span> Haselmayer, ''Belle A. Mansfield'', 55 Woman Lawyers Journal 46, 47 (Spring 1969).~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref14\|[14]]]</span> Wallach, ''Arabella Babb Mansfield (1846-1911)'', 2 Women’s Rts.L.Rep. 3 (1974-75).~~
−	~~<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref15\|[15]]]</span> 83 U.S. 130 (1872).~~
−	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref16\|[16]]]</span> 1 Morris 1 (Iowa 1839). The slave Ralph had been allowed by his Missouri master to come to Iowa and work in the lead mines near Dubuque per a contract that Ralph was purchase his freedom by paying $500. After four years of work in Iowa Ralph’s master claimed Ralph had not paid the $500 and had him seized by bounty hunters. The Iowa Supreme Court held that Ralph was not a fugitive slave when he came to Iowa, and now, having lived for four years in “Free” Iowa, was a free man. Even if it were found that Ralph had defaulted on his payment, that would only be a basis for damages and would not deprive him of his freedom.
−	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref17\|[17]]]</span> 763 N.W.2d 862, 876-878 (Iowa 2009), describing the Iowa courts’ historic commitment to progressive equality. Indeed, the Iowa Judicial Branch Building has a special second floor historical exhibit that, with pride, explains these landmark decisions.
−	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref18\|[18]]]</span> ''Compare// State of //Iowa v. Cline//, 617 N.W.2d 277 (Iowa 2000) (holding good faith exception to exclusionary rule does not apply under Iowa law) with //United States v. Leon//, 468 U.S. 897 (1984) (finding a good faith exception of the exclusionary rule); //compare// //State of Iowa v. Pals//, 805 N.W.2d 767 (Iowa 2011)(holding defendant’s “consent” to search of automobile was involuntary under Iowa Constitution) with //Schneckloth v. Bustamonte'', 412 U.S. 218 (1973).
−
−	~~== ==~~
−	~~== ==~~
−	~~== ==~~
−	~~== ==~~
	==<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">References</span>==		==<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 130%;">References</span>==

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 28 March 2014
Line 20:		Line 20:


		+
		+	=='''Justice Cole’s Exceptional Civil Rights Law Legacy'''==
		+
		+
		+
		+	In 1868, three years after the conclusion of the Civil War, the Iowa Supreme Court in ''Clark v. Board of Directors of the Muscatine Schools'',<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn1\|[1]]]</span> held that racial segregation of the public schools was unconstitutional under the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of the Iowa Constitution’s Bill of Rights. In construing the Iowa Constitution to deny the school board the discretion to discriminate on the basis of race or color, Justice Cole spoke of our national goal of an American nationality, one harmonious people.<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn2\|[2]]]</span> Were the Court to sustain the school board’s policy of racial segregation, or nationality segregation, it would “sanction a plain violation of the spirit of our laws” and “would tend to perpetuate the national differences of our people and stimulate a constant strife, if not a war of races.”<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn3\|[3]]]</span> It was a courageous decision on April 14, 1868, preceding by 3 months the ratification of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and by 7 months the November Presidential election, in which Ulysses S. Grant was elected President and in which Iowa voters passed the amendments to the Iowa Constitution deleting racial designations and granting blacks the right to vote.
		+
		+
		+
		+	Seven years later, in 1875, the Iowa Supreme Court, again in an opinion written by Justice Cole, unanimously reaffirmed the ''Clark v. Muscatine School Board// precedent and extended its scope to apply not only to overt racial discrimination but also to covert discrimination. In //Smith v. The Directors of Ind. Sch. Dist. of Keokuk//,<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn4\|[4]]]</span> the Keokuk Schools admitted that the black boy who sought admission to its high school was qualified but claimed it could not admit him ostensibly because the high school building was full and there were no available seats. Justice Cole affirmed the findings of the trial court that the black boy was refused admission on account of his race, and “’that if he had been a white boy he would have been permitted to attend said high school and enjoy its benefits.’”<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn5\|[5]]]</span> Justice Cole held the case was governed by //Clark v. Muscatine Schools'' holding “that a pupil may not be excluded from school because of his color, or required to attend a separate school for colored children.”<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn6\|[6]]]</span>
		+
		+
		+
		+	The Iowa Supreme Court’s holding in ''Clark// stood virtually alone as other state supreme courts, even after the Civil War, followed the lead of the Massachusetts Supreme Court which upheld racial segregation of Boston’s public schools under the “separate but equal” rationale in //Roberts v. The City of Boston// in 1850.<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn7\|[7]]]</span> //Clark// preceded by 28 years the United States Supreme Court’s 1896 holding in //Plessy v. Ferguson[[home#_ftn8\|'''[8]''']]// that upheld state-imposed racial segregation under the Federal Constitution and preceded, by 86 years!, the 1954 holding in //Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka//<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn9\|[9]]]</span> that finally struck down racial segregation in the public schools. The Iowa Supreme Court’s holding in //Smith v. Keokuk Schools// that the Iowa Constitution’s Equality Principle bars not only overt but also covert discrimination preceded by 13 years the United States Supreme Court’s similar holding in //Yick Wo v. Hopkins[[home#_ftn10\|'''[10]''']]'' in 1886.
		+
		+
		+
		+	Justice Cole was also a member of the Court that decided the landmark 1873 case of ''Coger v. The North West Union. Packet Co//..<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn11\|[11]]]</span> In //Coger'' the Iowa Supreme Court affirmed a jury verdict for $250 damages for a biracial woman who was forcibly removed by the steamboat captain from the 1st class dining area reserved for whites. Again relying on the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of the Iowa Constitution, the Court held: “[T]he plaintiff was entitled to the same rights and privileges while upon defendant’s boat . . . which were possessed and exercised by white passengers. These rights and privileges rest upon the equality of all before the law, the very foundation principle of our government.” It wasn’t until 1964, 91 years later, that the United States Supreme Court upheld the 1964 Civil Rights Act’s prohibition of racial discrimination in public accommodations under private ownership.<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn12\|[12]]]</span>
		+
		+
		+
		+	In 1869, again during Justice Cole’s tenure on the Iowa Supreme Court, the Court let stand District Court Judge Francis Springer’s ruling that admitted Arabella Babb Mansfield to become the first woman lawyer in the nation. The Iowa Code stated that “any white male person” was eligible to be admitted to the Iowa Bar. Nonetheless, Judge Springer construed the Code so “the affirmative declaration that male persons may be admitted Is not a denial of the right of females.”<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn13\|[13]]]</span> The Iowa Supreme Court never reviewed Judge Springer’s ruling, and, in 1870, the Iowa Legislature struck the words “white male” from the statute governing licenses to practice law.<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn14\|[14]]]</span>
		+
		+
		+
		+	The licensing of Arabella Mansfield proved to be another Equality First for the Iowa courts. In 1872, 3 years later, the United States Supreme Court, in ''Bradwell v. Illinois//,<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn15\|[15]]]</span> upheld the decision of the Illinois Supreme Court that refused to grant a woman a license to practice law solely because of her gender. The United States Supreme Court held in //Bradwell'' that the gender-based exclusion was constitutional as a reasonable judgment for the Illinois Legislature and Courts to make.
		+
		+
		+
		+	The 19th century landmark Equality Decisions of Justice Cole and the Iowa Supreme Court have continuing vitality today. ''Clark//, //Coger//, the licensing of Arabella Mansfield, and the earlier July 4, 1839 //In re Ralph// decision<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn16\|[16]]]</span> freeing a slave were relied upon by the Iowa Supreme Court in its unanimous 2009 decision in //Varnum v. Brien''<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn17\|[17]]]</span> striking down, under the Iowa Constitution’s Natural Rights/Equality Clause, the Iowa statutes that denied gays the right to marry. The Iowa Supreme Court has recognized that the Iowa Constitution provides it with the authority and independence to construe its provisions so as to grant Iowa residents greater protections than afforded them by United States Supreme Court decisions construing the Federal Constitution. The Iowa Court has done so not only in construing the Natural Rights/Equality Clause of its Bill of Rights, but also in providing Iowans with greater protection of their liberty interests against search and seizure by the police.<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16px;">[[home#_ftn18\|[18]]]</span>
		+
		+
		+
		+	Imagine how much further the United States would be in its quest for freedom and equality had the United States Supreme Court followed the lead of Justice Cole and the Iowa Supreme Court in ''Clark v. Muscatine Schools// rather than the “separate but equal” rationale of Justice Lelander Shaw in //Roberts v. City of Boston''.
		+
		+
		+	----
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref1\|[1]]]</span> 24 Iowa 267 (1868).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref2\|[2]]]</span> ''Id.'' at 276.
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref3\|[3]]]</span> ''Id.''
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref4\|[4]]]</span> 40 Iowa 518 (1875).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref5\|[5]]]</span> ''Id.'' at 519.
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref6\|[6]]]</span> ''Id.''
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref7\|[7]]]</span> 59 Mass. 198 (1850).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref8\|[8]]]</span> 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref9\|[9]]]</span> 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref10\|[10]]]</span> 118 U.S. 356 (1886).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref11\|[11]]]</span> 37 Iowa 145 (1873).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref12\|[12]]]</span> Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref13\|[13]]]</span> Haselmayer, ''Belle A. Mansfield'', 55 Woman Lawyers Journal 46, 47 (Spring 1969).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref14\|[14]]]</span> Wallach, ''Arabella Babb Mansfield (1846-1911)'', 2 Women’s Rts.L.Rep. 3 (1974-75).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref15\|[15]]]</span> 83 U.S. 130 (1872).
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref16\|[16]]]</span> 1 Morris 1 (Iowa 1839). The slave Ralph had been allowed by his Missouri master to come to Iowa and work in the lead mines near Dubuque per a contract that Ralph was purchase his freedom by paying $500. After four years of work in Iowa Ralph’s master claimed Ralph had not paid the $500 and had him seized by bounty hunters. The Iowa Supreme Court held that Ralph was not a fugitive slave when he came to Iowa, and now, having lived for four years in “Free” Iowa, was a free man. Even if it were found that Ralph had defaulted on his payment, that would only be a basis for damages and would not deprive him of his freedom.
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref17\|[17]]]</span> 763 N.W.2d 862, 876-878 (Iowa 2009), describing the Iowa courts’ historic commitment to progressive equality. Indeed, the Iowa Judicial Branch Building has a special second floor historical exhibit that, with pride, explains these landmark decisions.
		+	<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">[[home#_ftnref18\|[18]]]</span> ''Compare// State of //Iowa v. Cline//, 617 N.W.2d 277 (Iowa 2000) (holding good faith exception to exclusionary rule does not apply under Iowa law) with //United States v. Leon//, 468 U.S. 897 (1984) (finding a good faith exception of the exclusionary rule); //compare// //State of Iowa v. Pals//, 805 N.W.2d 767 (Iowa 2011)(holding defendant’s “consent” to search of automobile was involuntary under Iowa Constitution) with //Schneckloth v. Bustamonte'', 412 U.S. 218 (1973).

	== ==		== ==